![]() A signal may be given to exclude an exon, or even multiple exons from the final mRNA. While the entire mechanism is not well understood, it is known that certain chemical factors can stimulate the spliceosome to operate in different ways. However, alternate splicing can also take place. This spliced mRNA is now ready to be translated into a protein. The protein portion of the spliceosome then acts as an enzyme, removing the introns and binding the exons together. These special strands of RNA contain sequences of nucleotides which match specific locations in the exons and bind to them. Each “snurp” has two small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Spliceosomes consist of four different subunits, called small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP or “snurp”). The spliceosome is specially equipped to remove the introns. These regions are mixed together, and the introns must be removed to create a functional protein. The primary mRNA has various regions, called introns and exons. In normal splicing, a special protein and RNA complex called the spliceosome attaches itself to the primary mRNA. Therefore, before a primary mRNA is translated into a protein, it must first be modified and edited. When a ribosome reads this language, it translates the message into the language of proteins, which consists of around 21 amino acids. This process is called transcription, as the languages of RNA and DNA are basically the same. How Does Alternative Splicing Work?Īlternative splicing occurs after a primary mRNA is created from the DNA. ![]() Alternative splicing creates these different forms. However, there are thought to be over 100,000 different proteins in the human body. For instance, humans have around 20,000 genes which code for a protein. Using the method of alternative splicing, organisms can produce many more proteins than their DNA might indicate. Once that is changed, the function of the protein changes. Proteins differ only in the basic arrangement of their amino acids, which is dictated by the mRNA. When this happens, the alternate mRNA is translated into an entirely different protein. In alternative splicing, interactions between different proteins, the cell, and the environment can cause different segments of the original DNA to be omitted from the mRNA. This mRNA then finds its way to a ribosome, where the RNA code is translated into the structure of a new protein. In regular DNA translation, specialized proteins create messenger RNA (mRNA) from the DNA template. ![]() It is also called alternative RNA splicing. Alternative splicing is a method cells use to create many proteins from the same strand of DNA.
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